Insight on Macro Economics Free Essays

Question 1: monetary globalization Throughout the years since World War 2 we have seen business analysts fight on the thought for and against of money related globalization. The subject had been there during earlier years however very little consideration was paid into it, it just stood out after the impacts of World War 2 let to social unification. This is thought proposes that all the nations of the world ought to join monetarily by setting up a worldwide money related organization to normalize al the financial exercises of the world. We will compose a custom paper test on Knowledge on Macro Economics or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The stars and cones have spread out with contextual investigations on local bodies and household money related foundations being refered to back up different cases that take various stands on the issue.Both Mishkin and Rogoff recognized that if the world would be a superior spot in the event that it had a worldwide budgetary establishment. Indeed, even considering this, they never neglected to state that the thought is an unrealistic fantasy as there are numerous monetary, social and political factors round it. Bringing together all the three components would be overwhelming even from the beginning and it would be a supernatural occurrence if the unification worked. They expressed that regardless of whether all chances were beaten and the foundation was framed; creating nations would wind up losing business sector and cash as the created nations would abuse them. The two concurred that whenever shaped, the global establishment would be progressively effective as it will have numerous financial specialists from creating nations and be dispensing exceptional yield premium advances to created nations for them to put resources into creating nations. Educator Kling concurs with the two business analysts up to the point that arrangement of a worldwide monetary establishment is a nonexistent (Lawrence-2001) object yet takes a turn on the point that the foundation would be progressively effective. Kling contends that monetary issues residential organizations face are the specific one the worldwide establishment will confront yet a bigger and much pulverizing state.If an emergency emerges, the universal foundation would cut the cash it advances and collect the premiums on target. This would not be unforgiving position as simply like any business, the establishment would need to develop its benefit base and decrease dangers. Creating nations that would by then be so dependant to the organization will be influenced horribly as the likelihood of their economies crumbling would be so high. Mishkin, Rogoff and Kling all concur with this hypothesis and every one of them made reference to the conduct of the universal money related store when a monetary emergency emerges. Advantages that the worldwide establishment will go to the worldwide network fixed. It would rapidly reestablish liquidity whenever asked to in light of the fact that it would have an interminable soundness and stream of money. Making accessible long haul credits will be a simple errand for the establishment (chui-2002). Opening markets will be among the benefits of a worldwide as all nations will be working under the equivalent monetary laws. Enhancing the market base will be another advantage as there will be various markets for various merchandise. Note; the past explanation will work if the worldwide network permits creation specialization strategy to work. Every one of these advantages have been consented to by Mishkin and Rogof however Kling disproves the point that credits will be accessible to all nations. He says that is an unrealistic recommendation. There are intricate disservices of the worldwide foundation in the event that it is shaped. Tremendous inconsistencies in financial development would be inescapable. We would see creating nations develop in economy as the creating provinces would be seeing a drop in their GDP. The foundation will cause an expansion of duties comprehensively incase a financial bomb detonates and its liquidity goes down. The foundation will execute profitability of little nations on the off chance that it doesn't make approaches that encourage the smooth exchange of innovation from created to creating nations. The majority of the talented and untalented work power in created nations will be left jobless as their organizations will lean toward assembling items in less created nations that have low pay payouts.Question B1: differentiate on transmission mechanismsTaylor and Lucas are significant financial specialists that have made remarkable monetary disclosures and added flavor to works of Meynerd Keynes. Their knowledge on transmission component is the thing that arranged their polished methodology and mastery in the field of financial aspects. They have different and focalized sees identifying with the subject; let us break down them. The comparability they hold is that the two of them bolster the utilization of transient loan costs and venture on momentary exceptional yield securities and protections to drive monetary development, otherwise called money related market value audit (taylor-1995). They state this is the main way the American banks keep up their liquidity. They additionally concur that how cash is moved among accounts and the occasions it courses ought to be expanded to amplify its proficiency; this is known as constrained interest (tobin-1969). Credit see is one of the conflicting focuses between the two experts; Taylor completely bolsters the arrangement however Lucas reproves it. Taylor advocates for harmony change in loaning rate strategies among banks as Lucas represents free budgetary streaming exercises. Question B2: not what they had in mindKlings books clarifies a sequential request of occasions that prompted the 2007/2008 monetary emergencies that left numerous huge organizations bankrupt and with huge obligations, this is the year in US history that stock costs shot and the trade showcase stayed stunned. He expresses that it is likewise a year to be recognized as there was across the board open objection since individuals were being kicked out of their home loans (kling-2009). It portrays how the terrible financial arrangements made by past governments prompted the calamitous time. He thinks about the laws of the occasions from 1930 to 1970 then 2001 when the strategies were changed yet that that couldn't spare or rescue the 2008 interruption from occurring. The title features that the musings that were behind the past approach producers didn't come to be as they made poor financial decisions. The general thought is that the strategies be changed and that organizations tweak the laws as per their own needs to dodge a situation like the 2007/2008 one. The book gives experiences and goes about as a wake up to the arrangement creators, the banking and insurance agencies and the overall population; fundamental consumers.Mr Kling encouraged the general population to concoct advancements that would help voyage through terrible monetary occasions such as the one of every 2007/2008. He likewise encourages the administration to altogether investigate charges under the watchful eye of passing them into laws as they would go to be hurtful in future occasions. He made the past as a sig to recognize that financial powers are not static and they require amendment every now and then. Here he lay a model that development would help decrease future impacts as they did by suppress the Glass-Stealgall demonstration of 1933 (krugman-2002). The demonstration restricted interstate banking and furthermore banned the converging of venture and business banks. Numerous market analysts including Kling said that the approach creators of that time passed the go about as they believed that if banks were permitted to work broadly they would be more impressive than other government offices. They additionally imagined that converging of banks would make an imposing business model and catalyze a monetary breakdown.By value account; budgetary foundations would diminish the financial weight by sharing dangers. Kling sees this strategy work all the more effectively if money related foundations combine. He likewise adds the cash to be set in the venture ought to be given I bits. This will permit the foundation to examine the market as the endeavor develops, on the off chance that they notice a descending or anticipate a misfortune the organization can generally pull out of the arrangement securely. This technique has less arrangements of dangers to misfortune than giving out all the money for interest in the slightest bit. Value he says will keep an originating from coming up short on liquidity. On the off chance that the venture return is high, an organization can generally stay in administration regardless of whether it is financing various activities from various gatherings. In his presentation Mr Kling named awful wagers and exorbitant influence to be among the four practices money related establishments occupied with that prompted the emergency. Preceding 2008 numerous moneylenders would commonly truly on foundation FICO ratings before giving out credits; in the event that they saw that the borrower had great scores they would not stop for a second giving him the advance in one whole. They did this at any point before surveying speculation they were subsidizing. The budgetary establishments would later return to gather the cash or guarantee the property, this is the thing that prompted the breakdown of minor banks in the US. In his investigation if the issue he expresses that value fund can help counter this impact as establishments that utilization it will set aside cash and decrease the danger of getting bankrupt by 40%. It is the unnecessary wagers set on none return ventures that lead to over the top influence. He structures the value subsidizing strategy as a method of holding the money related establishments under control with their speculations. The activities that I would propose to the state is; making of a government body that will be commanded to evaluate the market suitability of tasks and venture openings. This body should then support and confirm that the task is genuinely worth the cash mentioned in the citation. I likewise suggest that banks be increasingly open with their liquidity data and hand it over to the body that ensures ventures. After confirmation the body will currently prescribe the task proprietor to a foundation with that sort of cash. This activity will spare numerous banks from breakdown the same number of them capitulate to avarice; terrible wagers. References Book composed by Michael Chui in 2002Sovereignty liquidity emergency; investigation and complexities for open policyBook composed by A Lawrence in 2001International

Ch 2 DBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

Ch 2 DBA - Essay Example Already, customary economies and associations depended upon resources, for example, capital and land having physical qualities. In the cutting edge economy, this pattern has changed and information is presently the key factor to increasing upper hand (Beijerse, 1999). In the contemporary business world, information sharing on a very basic level implies that workers add to information application, advancement, and at last the upper hand of the association (Wang and Noe, 2010). Information sharing has unmistakable favorable circumstances. It is emphatically identified with decrease underway costs, quicker fulfillment of new item improvement ventures, group execution, firm advancement abilities and firm execution. Firm execution incorporates deals development and income from new items and administrations (Wang and Noe, 2010). Researchers have partitioned information into two structures †express and implied †with regards to the idea of the information (Nonaka et al., 2000; Smith, 2001; Lindvall and Rus, 2002). Unequivocal information is spared in classified structure in databases and can be effortlessly passed on to the recipient with no misconception (Smith, 2001). Unsaid information is ‘know-why and ‘know-how’ and can be alluded to as exploratory information. Smith (2001) depicts inferred information as the unsaid piece of information living in an individualâ's brain. This sort of information, in contrast to express information, is difficult to introduce in a composed configuration in this manner making it hard to move to other people or store (Smith, 2001). The information partaking in associations is subject to the idea of the information being shared (implicit and express information). Sharing, moving, and putting away unsaid and express information contrasts from one ano ther. Inferred information is the unstated piece of information living in the individualâ's brain (Smith, 2001). Despite the fact that information sharing is viewed as of a crucial significance to associations, it won't be accomplished if there is absence of an information sharing society, trust, and

Fascinating Tidbits about Female Bodies from GROSS ANATOMY

Fascinating Tidbits about Female Bodies from GROSS ANATOMY Women are socialized into having a fraught relationship with our bodies: forever scrutinizing, shaming, and sucking it in (or sticking it out). What makes a spate of new nonfiction books so refreshing is the gleeful way they lean into the female body’s complexity, warts and all. The emphasis is in fact on the warts in these entertaining books: Samantha Irby’s We Are Never Meeting in Real Life, a frank and humorous essay collection that includes plenty of Irby’s signature poop talk Tallulah Pomeroy’s A Girl’s Guide to Personal Hygiene, an illustrated collection of hygiene-related confessions from anonymous internet commenters Aline Kominsky-Crumb’s Love That Bunch, a compilation of autobiographical  comics from a pioneering gross-out cartoonist   Then there’s Mara Altman’s Gross Anatomy: Dispatches from the Front (and Back). Gross Anatomy is a breezy text stuffed with jokes, personal anecdotes, and fascinating facts. This memoir-esque approach is endearing but has its problems, as it narrows the perspective. For instance, the chapter on sex noises is distractingly heteronormative. It doesn’t express any curiosity about nonâ€"penis-in-vagina sex (or even why there would be such a gendered difference in the “copulatory vocalizations” American women are socialized into making, yet American men are socialized into suppressing). The book is also extremely western-focused. It talks about menstruation, for instance, as a culturally defined problem in European and European-descended cultures. But menstruation remains a more extreme taboo in certain non-western traditions, sometimes mandating the physical isolation of a woman on her period. Gross Anatomy is full of an appealing curiosity, but this curiosity generally only extends as far as Altman’s own environment. Even with these quibbles, the book is chock-full of interesting information and quotes from an impressive number of researchers. Here are some of Gross Anatomy’s more WTF moments: American women in the first half of the 20th century went to X-ray epilation clinics to remove their body hair, even after this practice was banned in 1940. Altman writes, “Many women suffered gruesome disfigurement, scarring, ulceration, cancer, and death, all because of the extreme pressure to become hairless. The women who were adversely affected were dubbed the North American Hiroshima Maidens, named after the women who suffered radiation poisoning after the nuclear bombs hit Japan in World War II.” Since 2000, the popularity of Brazilian waxes and smooth genitals among women has led to a massive reduction in pubic lice. Pubic hairs are the homes and transport systems of pubic lice, better known as crabs, in their two- to three-week lives. We humans find it really hard to see ourselves accurately. One study by a University of Chicago researcher involved taking photos of people and changing them into more attractive and less attractive versions. When the research subjects looked at the photos of themselves, most thought that the altered-to-be-hotter photos were the genuine ones. The Kama Sutra contains this gem of a sentence: “Cries like those of doves, cuckoos, green pigeons, parrots, bees, moorhens, geese, ducks, and quails are important options for use in moaning.” This is quoted in a chapter of Gross Anatomy on sex noises, which also notes that yellow baboons make the exact same noises during sex as they do during defecation. Altman writes: “When I feel bad about something â€" like the woes of having a large belly button â€" I often think about Demodex folliculorum, a type of mite that lives on our foreheads. At night, it has sex on our faces. The microscopic beasts don’t have an anus, so when they fill up to capacity, they explode. Your face is a literal shitstorm. Somehow that puts whatever issue I’m having back into perspective.” Ancient Greeks believed that menstruation was a crucial means of releasing blood, and that women would die without this release. So late periods were a concern. One way to kickstart some healthy bleeding was removing the toxic parts of poisonous beetles, stuffing them in wool, and sticking them into the vaginal canal, which would make a woman scratch until she bled. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Effects Of Discrimination On The Workplace From Social...

This qualitative study will explore the effects of stigmatization in the workplace from social worker’s perspectives, as they are the experts concerning this subject. This study will focus on the personal experiences of depressed social workers and will provide rich detailed research findings. A specific and personal study of worker’s experiences is necessary to highlight the effect that stigmatization has in the workplace, how stigmatization affects workers as well as their quality of work, and most importantly what barriers exist, as they are crucial to a worker seeking treatment for depression. Whether or not a worker is able to seek treatment will influence their quality of work until treatment is sought. Social workers are both contributors and recipients of stigma regarding mental illness in the workplace (Manthorpe, Stanley, White, 2007). How can a profession that aims to assist and empower those they serve continue to stigmatize the very people they employ? According to Martin (2012), depression is the most common single mental health problem in the world, and as many as 25% of people will experience depression in their lifetime (p. 1) and this includes social workers. Siebert (2004) noted in a study of 1000 members of the National Association of Social Workers that 14% of respondents reported current depression, 46% reported past depression, and 40% said they never had depression (p. 30). That study amounts to 54% or 1 out of 2 workers who reportedShow MoreRelatedDesire to Retire: Increasing Age Diversity in the Workplace1200 Words   |  5 PagesDesire to Retire: Increasing Age Diversity in the Workplace As a result of demographic changes in many industrialized countries, organizations are experiencing increased age diversity (Hertel, Van der Heijden, de Lange, Deller, 2013a). In the US, this is due to the aging baby boom generation (Schram, 2006), and organizations are faced with adjusting to the changing demographic. By contrast, in Europe and China the labor force is shrinking (Cheung Wu, 2013; Schermuly, Deller, Busch, 2014)Read MoreEssay about Bullying and Harassment1373 Words   |  6 PagesManaging bullying and harassment in the workplace When most of us hear the term ‘bullying’ we seem to reflect back on childhood memories of the schoolyard bully tormenting others for self-amusement, much to the distain of others around them. Unfortunately this seems not to be the only time such behaviour occurs. Workplace bullying and harassment can be defined as ‘Offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone’s work tasks. It can occur repeatedly and regularly over a periodRead MoreIntercultural Conflict : Intercultural Conflicts1382 Words   |  6 Pagesgiving examples for each. There are a lot of intercultural conflicts in the workplace which if not succinctly looked into, may cause decreased productivity in an organization and may even lead to the decline of the organization. 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The Civil Rights Bill Of 1964 - 1841 Words

arantees regarding business According to (Annotation 5 - Fourteenth Amendment , 2015) â€Å"The Constitution does not guarantee the unrestricted privilege to engage in a business or to conduct it as one pleases. Certain kinds of business may be prohibited; and the right to conduct a business, or to pursue a calling, may be conditioned.† In essence there are certain rules and regulations you must follow and the government may regulate certain industries. For example, you must follow the guidelines of Title VII of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 with regard to employees, their hiring and firing, particularly regarding discrimination. There are Federal, state, and local laws with which you must be compliant. When creating or implementing contracts†¦show more content†¦According to (About us, 2015)The CFPB† write rules, supervise companies, and enforce federal consumer financial protection laws. restrict unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, take consumer complaints ,promote financial education, Research consumer behavior, monitor financial markets for new risks to consumers, enforce laws that outlaw discrimination and other unfair treatment in consumer finance† This does give them the authority to impose restrictions that could negatively effect the market for the Back Office app. I do feel as with any new business or development there is always a risk. I also know the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau as a business entity you may ask them a question, work with them to try and impact the regulation on you new app. You can present them the information about Back Office and how this regulation could have the negative impact and possibly they could later the language of the regulations to lessen or mitigate the regulations. There is cont act information and resources at their website that you can access. This is well within this organizations scope of operation and could impact the app and you may have no recourse other than a redesign of how the app functions using the regulations as a guide and work around them making all transactions meet or exceed the regulations that affect the app. Role of contracts in

Beauty Analysis of the Idea of Beauty Free Essays

Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty Is beauty only skin deep? What role, if any, does society play in the views of beauty? Does body modification enhance or detract from a person’s beauty? What role does the idea of beauty play in a person’s life? The idea of beauty is something that has changed over generations, and is something that is constantly evolving to this day. The idea of beauty is shaped by media interaction, societal views, and also engaged in by body modification whether that modification be piercing, tattooing, extreme dieting, plastic surgery, or otherwise. Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? People use various practices to shape their bodies into culturally defined ideal physiques, and media both construct and reinforce beauty ideals. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Jackson Lyons, 2012) Beauty is defined by the culture a person lives in, grew up in, and is shaped by throughout life. The idea of beauty is never the same for any person, but can have similar characteristics. The media, which is a conduit of the social norm, defines beauty everyday and many feel the need to change themselves in order to fit this idea. â€Å"Within contemporary Westernized cultures there is a pervasive interest in practices aimed at altering the human physique. Such practices, which include cosmetic surgery, bodybuilding, dietary modification, exercise regimes, and eating disorders, signify a cultural fascination with (a pursuit of) the ‘perfect’ body. † (Jackson Lyons, 2012) Some people dedicate their entire lives for the quest to find their ideal of beauty, to become that ideal and to fall into what is deemed as beautiful by societal standards set in place. But is this correct? Is the ideal of beauty presented by the media, and interpreted by the viewer, correct? Are people motivated to modify their bodies because they are dissatisfied with the image of their body? Body image dissatisfaction is pervasive in America. We believe this dissatisfaction may motivate many persons to undergo cosmetic surgery,† indicates David Sarwer, assistant professor of psychology in psychiatry and surgery at the Center for Human Appearance. â€Å"Many persons hope that cosmetic surgery will help them feel better about their appearan ce, which, in turn, may promote other psychological benefits, such as improved self-esteem. † (USA, 1999) Many people turn to plastic surgery to modify their bodies because they want to be thought of as beautiful, whether it be by themselves, another person, or society as a whole. Some people can even take drastic measures and develop unhealthy mental conditions which would make them undergo plastic surgery in a desperate attempt to â€Å"fix† themselves. â€Å"Extreme body image dissatisfaction can be a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder, a psychiatric condition defined as a preoccupation with a slight defect in appearance that leads to excessive concern and interruption in daily functioning. † (USA, 1999) But by going through such extremes, is a person really gaining beauty or are they really demolishing what was already beautiful in the first place? Is being dissatisfied with their body, because of the ideals of beauty pressured onto individuals by society, really a reason to change their image through such a drastic measure as plastic surgery? If body modification through plastic surgery is used to capture that â€Å"ideal beauty†, then what about other forms such as piercing, tattooing, carving, or otherwise? Are those deemed acceptable ways to encompass that idea of beauty presented by society? â€Å"Rumbling through the biker culture and punk, piercing gradually shed its outlaw image and was mass marketed to the impressionable by music videos, rock stars and models. (Leo, 1995) Such extreme forms of body modification are presented by the media and societal pressures to be acceptable, fashionable, and â€Å"in style†. As such, many people leap at the idea to become beautiful through such extreme measures. â€Å"Fashions and fetishes. [†¦]Some ask for dramatic piercings to enhance sexual pleasure, to seem daring or fashionable, to express rage, or to forge a group identity. [†¦]Piercing is part of the broader â€Å"body modification† movement, which includes tattooing, corsetry, branding and scarring by knife. It’s a sign of the times that the more bizarre expressions of this movement keep pushing into the mainstream. (Leo, 1995) But is that all there is to it? Media has deemed such body modification to be acceptable, and society has agreed that it is an idea of beauty. The arguments for, and against, the idea of beauty presented by the media, accepted and enforced by society, and the extremes at which people can go to gain that ideal beauty can be found everywhere. Is beauty only skin deep? Do we, as a society, overvalue the idea of beauty? Media can incite people to what ideal beauty is. Society enforces these views and pressure people into fitting it. Body modification is used by many to gain that idea beauty. But in the end, is that ideal beauty of the skin and body correct or even worth it? References: JACKSON, J. , ; LYONS, T. C. (2012). The perfect body: Men and women negotiate spaces of resistance against beauty and gender ideologies. Women’s Studies Journal, 26(1), 25-33. USA, T. (1999, February). Focusing on body image dissatisfaction. USA Today, 127(2645), Leo, J. (1995, 7 23). The ‘modern primatives’. U. S. News. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/usnews/opinion/articles/950731/archive_032505. htm How to cite Beauty: Analysis of the Idea of Beauty, Essay examples

Ancient World The National Gallery of Victoria Depict

Question: Write an essay on Ancient World. Answer: The things that were there in the National Gallery of Victoria depict the fact that the Egyptian believed in afterlife. There are things of daily use, such as earthen pots, clippers and combs that people could use in their day-to-day life. The presence of these things reveal the fact that there was believe, of after life, among the Egyptians, although the inscriptions that are there could reveal more, if It could be read properly. The way the human beings are depicted in the gallery shows that the Egyptian had the capability of two dimensional figure, and the women in the sculpture, looks, as if lots of calculation has been made before it has been constructed. The hands and the legs are of same dimension and the lower of the portion of the body is little rectangular in shape, and this particular shape is followed everywhere, even in case of the palm of the hand. Thus, it can be said that the Egyptians are calculative when they are depicting human figures. The attic red figure ware represent a scene, according to the information provided in the gallery, it could be the war that took place between Achilles and Agamemnon and thus it has the figure of two warrior, and the warrior, on the left side is young. There are the beautiful uses of the colors and the story has been depicted picturesque way. Along with the female figure, there is the picture of the female, the Thetis and Eos. Thus, this particular picture de picts a lot about Greek mythology. The sculpture, or the male athlete body of Torso, is being regarded as the copy of the sculpture originally made by sculptor Poykleitos, mainly because one important reason. The reason is that the original figure made by Poykleitos depicts that the male body is balancing a spear on the left shoulder. In case of Torso, the weight is there on the right leg and the left leg is slightly behind, which refers to the fact that since the left arm is bearing the spear therefore, a large amount of body weight was there on the right leg. The five words that could define this particular figure are, Beautifully Crafted Artistically Male Deity. Comparison can be made between Torso and the Cambodian male deity KHMER, because the upper portion of this figure is naked and at the same time the right arm, in this case has cracks. The figure of KHMER although, is an ornate figure unlike the figure of Torso. The head of Septimius Severus had some curly hairs and a huge beard, which but these two things are in great contrast with the smooth texture of his face. The eyes although, are quite interesting, since the eyes are not only the eyes of a person rather it is a gaze, and it arise the question that may be it is not the whole sculpture, but a part of it, where, the whole sculpture might have revealed that person, towards whom, the eyes are gazing. The figure of Behnessa, Bust of a woman and the figure or rather the head of head of Vespasian, both these figures are rigid and at the same time, it gives a look that is somber and serious. The head of Vespasian contains creases and lines on the forehead and on the other hand, the figure of Behnessa is expressionless. Interestingly some parts of both these sculptures are missing and thus, lots of thing remains unknown to those, who come and have a look at these sculptures. The head of Vespasian, with all its creases and lines depicts a person who has both knowledge and experience. Thus, the three words that could be used to describe the figure is RIGID Experienced Face. Medieval The fact that the Reliquary casket, France Limoges, is something that is meant to keep the relics is known from the structure of the casket. The structure of the casket is that of a church, which reveals the fact that something religious is associated with it, along with the structure, another important thing is the use of the bright colors that could attract anyone, and the casket depicts the figure of Christ, who is surrounded by everyone. The Stained glass, of France, depicts the use of bright colors and it depicts the theological story of St. Stephen, being crowned by Pope Sylvester II. The glass painting includes a circular part, which is there most of the time in the Gothic Churches and it can be the part of a complex window structure in the churches. The glass painting contains two figures, one side there is the figure of the woman and on the other hand, there is the figure of the man. Both the figures are holding a shield together; the shield has a picture of a bird, which could be an emblem. Renaissance The painting Madonna with Child by Agnolo Gaddi is a picture that depicts Jesus the Child, and her mother, who is there along with the Apostle or the pilgrims. The picture has the crown of thorns, which equivocal the future, when Jesus had to wear that crown at a time when he was crucified. The cloth that the child was clutching would later become that cloth with which Mary would wiped her eyes. The important feature of this painting is that this painting has the gloomy and the somber look, which is similar to the Gothic images of the age. The figure is the royal image of the Virgin Mary, who became the Queen of Heaven and she is holding the child Jesus on her lap. The figure is different from the painting of Madonna with Child, because first of all that is an altarpiece and there, Virgin Mary has a somber look and it resembles the figure of a saint. In sculpture, the figure of Virgin Mary is the figure of an authority. The adoration of the Magi, depicts the commemoration of the child Jesus and during the process, no law has been violated. There has been use of the bright colors in the paintings that depicts the whole story in a beautiful way. Unlike other sculptures and paintings of Christ, this particular painting has neither the Apostle nor the followers crowding, nor is he going through the last pain of being crucified. He is here sitting upright over a block, although the reminiscence of pain is there on his face. The exhibition of Chinese Art depicts the golden age of China, where the bronze and other use of metal depicts the fact that during that era art and culture has grown in China and at the same time, it reveals the fact that there was the influence of Lord Buddha in the country. The piece of art that is fascinating is the sculpture of Lord Buddha, in bronze, and that gives a royal look to the sculpture. The sculpture of Buddha depicts a Lord, who has serene look and the four hands and the gives both the royal and the divine look to the sculpture.

Camera phone free essay sample

Refer to the lessons if you need help Part 2: 1 . Improving your workspace (on the second page) Workspace Inspection Instructions: Rank each item on the list using the following scale: 1 fair 3 = good 4= excellent Area Rating Actions To Take The workspace A desk or table 4 Shelves or drawers to keep papers and books off the desk 3 Privacy Amount of light Amount of noise Comfort such as chair or seating arrangement = poor 2 = Workspace clutterMotivating personal items on display Computer Internet connection Computer glare Computer speakers Computer microphone Printer Computer equipment such as mouse and keyboard Us applies Dictionary and thesaurus.

Duramold - Fairchild - Howard Hughes and the Spruce Goose

Duramold - Fairchild - Howard Hughes and the Spruce Goose In the late 1930s, aircraft of composite materials began to appear made of plastic-impregnated wood materials called duramold. The most famous and largest aircraft of duramold construction was the eight-engine Howard Hughes flying boat dubbed the Spruce Goose. Sherman Mills Fairchild According to the Fairchild Corporation, In the mid-1930s, Fairchild pioneered the application of composite structures to airframe design and production - duramold. The adhesive bonding processes and techniques are still followed in the manufacture of composite structures today. Fairchild also developed the first nine-lens mapping camera for the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1936. Duramold Aircraft Spruce Goose The Spruce Goose was not the first airplane to use duramold material. Many small planes had been built using duramold during the early thirties by the Fairchild Aviation. The Spruce Goose was originally conceived by Henry J. Kaiser, a steel maker and builder of Liberty ships. The aircraft was designed, constructed, and engineered by Howard Hughes and his staff. The Spruce Gooses exterior was created with material using the duramold process of laminating plywood and it was the largest plane ever to fly. In 1947, Millionaire Howard Hughes became the first person to pilot the Spruce Goose. Spruce Goose Howard Hughes Becomes The First Person To Fly The Spruce Goose In 1905, Howard Hughes was born in Houston, Texas. Hughes inherited the patent rights to an oil tool drill made by the Hughes Tool Company. A millionaire, Howard Hughes both inherited and made his own money. An adventurous soul, he formed the Hughes Aircraft Corporation and loved to pilot planes and break aviation records. After flying across America, Howard Hughes turned to movie making and formed his own motion picture studio.

The social and political films of the 1930s Essay

The social and political films of the 1930s - Essay Example Even though equipment was new, but American public was poor at the time, as a result by 1933 movie attendance fell by 40 percent. To survive, the industry trimmed salaries and production costs and also shut down one third of the US theatres. The depression 1gave rise also to such movies that were more propaganda in nature. For example due to influx of refugees from Germany, a lot of Germans were even working in the movie industry led to the Anti-Nazi themes. It was under this feeling that by the end of decade, fronts were formed against Anti-Nazism, such as Holy Wood Anti Nazi League that explicitly made Anti-Nazi movies, a move far from away from entertainment. The rise of communism also made its presence in Hollywood. In 1930s Hollywood had its own Communist party under the leadership of screenwriter John Howard Lawson, who championed the cause of intellectual rights. Our Daily bread (1934) is a movie based on Communism in the backdrop of Depression, which portrays that communal spirit could enable a community to overcome the economic problems. The Great Depression 2increased poverty; while Prohibition shifted ideologies, which were clearly reflected in the movies. The Depression broke the promise of American Dream; many thought of a revolution to bring change in the White House. In 1932 the American Legion mentioned that the reason for chaos was American political system that needs to be changed. The response it was believed is revolution, as capitalism failed; Stalin seemed the rescuer for new setup. This provided dictatorship craze 3in Hollywood, a series of films that have strong tyrannical personalities, who with all their flaws had the power to steer the nation. The Power and Glory (1931) is made around such character, the railroad tycoon Tom Garner, who in the wake of railroad crisis brings workers to heel through his haughty personality. A times comes, when Garners happens to kill 400 workers to suppress strike, again shows that cruelty is acceptable, if it can bail out the people. Employee's Entrance (1933) shows the ruthless world of the business. The film depicts establishment of business since 1878 throughout the roaring twenties with a tone, that in business there is no room for sympathy, again is depiction of blind power from Hollywood. The rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany and political corruption also produced characters for the movies. Colombia pictures presented an alternative to American inefficient democracy of the time, Mussolini Speaks (1933), where the pre-credit inscription mentions " This picture is dedicated to a man of the people whose deeds for his people will ever be an inspiration to all mankind." The narrator of the movie praises in the preface and mentions that, "Whether we agree with a man's policy or not doesn't matter. We're interested in a man if he marks himself a leader", depicts American society loss of faith on its leadership. This yearning for strong leadership is based on the assumption that even if leadership is flawed and tyrannical, if it knows, how things are done is better than democracy. Similarly in Gabriel over the White House (1932) again the need for a strong leadership is repeated, when newly elected president Judson Hammond is shown to be a lackey of his party willing to follow the party line

Sport Event and Tourism Management. Regeneration and Mega Events Essay

Sport Event and Tourism Management. Regeneration and Mega Events BRAZIL FIFA WORLD CUP 2014 - Essay Example The inflation challenges in the 80s are currently a distant reminiscence (Lanie 2007, p.10). This economic permanency has conveyed increasing living values, limiting heights of intense crime, at least in the greatest flourishing counties, and capital from the transaction of produces that are being traded to China as quickly as they can be distributed to the nearest harbor. With development only briefly affected by the 2009 crisis, the nation is now forecast to continue growing at some five percent per year for the near future (Gui 2012, p. 49). Brazil will be for the first time part of the global sporting events track, with Rio de Janairo its focal point with the FIFA World Cup in 2014 Games. Rio is at present Brazil’s energy investment, lying in an estimated oil bonus of up to 90 billion containers, and it is rapid venture in infrastructure, social housing, urban regeneration as well as environmental remediation in order to look at its best when the world comes in 2014 for th e FIFA world cup ceremonies (Knight 2008, p. 67). It is thus vital that the venues be spread throughout the nation to allow nationwide developments that comes with such mega events. The drive for the 2014 Games currently building with Brazil`s new president putting her weight behind the delivery structures (Weed 2008, p. 94). Rio is devoted to convey sustainable games with a resilient concentration on legacy. As a result, given the rule of common objectives, their concern in the London 2012 Games is placing British organizations in a better position to donate to delivering Rio`s determinations. Despite the fact that the world cup has displayed a black box model by the Brazilian national, government, and urban governments, the Rio 2014 planners have approved a more democratic procedure, with the promotion of a public national rivalry for the architectural strategy of the facilities of the media center. In addition, more recently, there has been the initiation of a worldwide architect ural cooperation for the sport amenities. There is an expectation that these tendencies might develop a more exposed setting for the argument of sustainability matters, also comprising the nationwide and global educational communities in the choice making and execution processes of the mega event (Tavares 2008, p. 82). Even though these beginnings have encountered with the perfect support of the architectural occupation, there is much to be completed at the more social level, with the participation of local communities in the organization and enactment procedures leading to optimistic urban regeneration. During the past two years, after the proclamation of Brazil’s winning candidature to host the 2014 World Cup (2008) and, less than twelve months afterwards, that of Rio’s winning bid to host the 2014 the country has lived a development of a black box’ model to the association and raise of both mega events, that only now arises to show some honesty to a critical analysis or the likelihood of a self-governing process to ensure the legacy of a justifiable urban regeneration of host metropolises (Hellwig 2012, p. 39). Black box’ is taken to imply a process of decision-making stages founded fundamentally in the work of governmental organizations to carry out trainings which defined the objectives and dimensions of public expenditures in the facilities for the sport mega events, without any

Fluctuating Present Value Of A Cash Flow Finance Essay

Fluctuating Present Value Of A Cash Flow Finance Essay Answer: A cash flow stream is a series of cash receipt and payments over the life of an investment. It is the inflow and outflow of cash, which matters in practice. It is the cash, which a firm can invest, or pay to creditors to discharge its obligations, or distribute to shareholders as dividends. The assets are the items which are owned by the business. The level of interest rates arising in the capital market is associated with the cash flows `and the assets , when the rates increases , the availability of the funds decreases. As a result when the interest rates increase in the capital market, the obligation increases which leads to decrease in the availability of funds to invest in the investments. The present value of cash flow is equal to the sum of the present value of individual cash flows. The equation for present value of cash flow stream is as follows- PV= Where, PV=present value r= rate of interest t= the year n= the last year, where the cash flow occurs Interest rate is the rate at the interest is paid by the lender to the borrower for use of money by the borrowers from the lenders. So, the rise in the interest rates , the availability of cash flows streams due to higher rate of interest , the present value of cash flow streams will decline. 2. List and explain the points of financial impact on a company if it raises the credit standards required of its customers who utilized trade credit offered by the company. Answer: Credit standards are the criteria to decide the types of customers to whom goods could be sold on credit. If the firm has more slow-paying customers, its investments in accounts receivable will increase. Trade credit refers to the credit that a customer gets from providers of goods in the normal flow of business. In practice, the buying firms do not have to pay cash immediately for the purchase made .This deferral of payments is a short term financing called trade firms. The credit standard policy has significant impact on the financial condition of a company-The following are the financial impact on a company due to rise in credit standard . Decrease in credit sales- A rise in credit standards will have a limit on the buyers who will borrow from the company and as a result the sales will decrease as most of the buying firms do not pay cash immediately. This will lower the sales of the company leading to less in revenue generation. Decrease the demand-The rise in credit standards will lower the demand by the buyers which will lead to decrease in demand and decrease in revenue earning. Relatively faster average collection period- A rise in credit standards will make the average collection period relatively faster for the new customers leading to better collection process and increase in volume of cash in inflow. Prompt in collection by existing customers- The rise in standard will pull the collection by the existing customers and make the payments from them prompt and on time. Better return on investment- The rise in credit standards will lead to better return on investments made and credit allowed will be selected as the customers will be prompt in payments and the selection of the customers will be limited. 3. Define Weighted Average Cost of Capital and explain why a company must earn at least its Weighted Average Cost of Capital on new investments. What are the financial implications if it does not? Answer:- Weighted average cost of capital is organisations the calculation of cost of capital where each category of capital is proportionally weighted .A firm obtains capital from various sources due to the risk differences and contractual agreements between the firms and the investors, the cost of capital of each source of capital differs The cost of capital of each source of capital is component source of capital. The component costs are combined according to the weight of each component capital to obtain average cost of capital. The combined cost of all source of capital is called overall cost which also known as weighted average cost of capital. Thus, it is the overall return that firm must earn on its existing business operation in order to maintain or increase the current value of current stock. A company must earn at least weighted average cost of capital in new investments. By taking weighted average, the interest to be paid by the company for a investment is calculated. Wei ghted average cost of capital is the expected rate of return, weighted by proportion each to the overall financial structure. The minimum rate of return on the new investments must be earned so as not to reduce the shareholders. A firm should earn at least its average weighted rate on capital investment in its assets the weighted average cost of capital is used a discount rate to calculate the present value of the of a specific investment. If the firm does not earn the least average weighted cost of capital in its new investments, the firm will incur loss in that new investment, and so it should discontinue or should not invest further. The average weighted cost of capital is the minimum expected rate of return from an investment, so it should be calculated first and then the decision for the investment should be made. 4.As a corporation what are the benefits and ramifications of using convertible debt to finance a publicly traded company? As an investor what are the benefits and ramifications of purchasing convertible debt in a publicly traded company? Are there any conflicts between the goals of the investor and the goals of the corporation? Answer:- Convertible debt are the debts like bonds and debentures with an option to convert it into common stock in future date. The following are the benefits and ramifications of using convertible debt to finance a publicly traded company:- Attractions for the investors:-convertible debts will attract investors by providing safety of debt along with the option to convert it into common stock in future. The investors will lend money to the company with the view that the company will make regular interest payments and the return of capital. If the company achieves growth in future and the stock value increases, the investors has the option to convert it into common stock. Lesser fixed-rate borrowing cost-Convertible debt will allow the issuers to issue the debts at lower cost. Increase in total debt gearing -The convertible debt will increase the total amount of debt level in the company .It will provide additional funding to the company which will be beneficial to the issuers. Financing option- The convertible debts are good financing option for start up companies as equity shares pose a challenge for them. As the convertible debts carry low interest payments by the company, while remaining competitive. Fixed limited income- The convertible debt holders obtains fixed limited income until its conversion and it will benefit the company because more of operating income is available for the common stock holders. Voting solution is deferred- With the convertible debts, the voting rights of existing shareholders happens only on eventual conversion of debts. Ramifications of convertible debts to company- There are some complications for issuers as well .First one , is that financing with convertible debts draws the risk of debasing not only the EPS of its common stock, but also the control of the organisation. If a heavy part of the issue is purchased by one buyer, like investment banking company or insurance company, conversion will change over or take over the voting control from original owners of the company and toward the converters. This issue may not be a significant matter for bigger companies with millions of stock holders, but for the small company, it will be a real and important consideration. Due prominent use of debt will adversely affect a companys capability to finance operations in clips of economic downturn. If the company faces any downfall, it will experience great trouble in raising capital further. The following are the advantages and ramifications to the investors.- Safer investment -The convertible debts are the safer investment compared to buying common stock with returns They are less explosive than stocks and their value can only come down to a price where the yield would be equal to a non-convertible bond of the same terms. Strong protection- The convertible debts provide strong protection to the investors in the times of market fluctuations and at the same time providing periodic returns. Interest payments-The convertible debt holders have a right on the receiving of interest and periodic returns in spite of any downturn in the market. Larger claim on companys assets Convertible bond holders have a larger claim on the assets of the company as compared to the shareholders in case of collapse. More protection from economic downtrend- The convertible debt holder will have a gain during the economic downtrend due the option of conversion into equity shares. As a result, the market stock of share stocks will increase with market prices dissimilar for the debts where the interest rates are fixed. This means that bond holders will gain as during inflation because his money looses value more. Ramification to the investors- Convertible debts could have complication in the view that the debt holder will be obtaining considerably lower yield to maturity in comparison to the non-convertibles. But it is only a worry when the issuers equity does not gain the upward price predictions that would make taking the lower grant speculation worthy. Finally, the ability for predictions are reduced to a great extend when a call provision is bonded to the convertible bond. This will limits the upside and will let the debt holder to declare their debt at a discount to market. The goals of an investors towards the convertible debts is to invest in debts at lower cost and gain fixed returns whereas the goal of a issuing company is to achieve higher operating income with lower borrowing cost. 5) Which two of the six methods used to evaluate projects, and to decide whether or not they should be accepted, do you prefer as a financial manager?   Explain why you decided on these two and not the other four. List the perceived deficiencies of the four not selected. The six methods which are used to evaluate projects, and to decide whether or not they should be accepted are as follows:- Investment decisions for a project evaluation postulate special aide due to the following reasons The projects influence the long term growth of the firm. The decision for a project will affect the risk factor of the firm Evaluation of the project is an important tool as it involves commitment of large amount of finances or stocks They are one of the most difficult conclusions to arrive at. The six methods are as follows:- Accounting rate of return (ARR) Internal rate of return (IRR) Net Present Value (NPV) Payback Period Profitability index Modified Internal rate of return Accounting rate of return ARR is also referred as Return on investment (ROI), as it uses the information of accounting revealed by the financial statements, to measure the gainfulness of an investment. The calculation of ARR involves the ratio of the average tax after profit divided by the average investment done Disadvantages: it can be calculated in a lot of ways profit is not a good alternate option for cash flow adjustment is not considered to calculate the time value of money Impulsive break-off date Contrary decisions can be made. Net Present Value NPV is the method of measuring the investment proposals. It is the discounted cash flow technique that explicitly acknowledges the time value for money. It rightly takes that cash flow coming up from various time periods differ in values and are comparable only when their corresponding present values are taken out. Advantages Says if the finances invested will increase the firms value Takes into account all the cash flows Takes into account the time value of money Takes the risk of future cash flows. Profitability Index The profitability Index is the ratio of present value of cash influxes to the initial of cash outlay of investment at a required rate of return Advantages Says if the finances invested can increase the firms value Takes into account all cash flows of the project Takes the time value of money Takes the risk of future cash flows Provide ranking and selection of projects when capital is rationed out. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) IRR is the way of DCF(Discounted Cash Flow), which takes into consideration the intensity and timing of cash inflows and outflows. The concept of IRR is quite simple to understand in the case of a one-period project. Disadvantages It needs to have a projection of the COC (Cost of Capital) to make a decision The given value-maximizing decision when used to compare mutually exclusive projects may not give the proper decision The given value-maximizing decision when used to choose any projects when there is capital rationing may not give the proper decisions Its not useful in the situations in which sign of cash flows for a project changes more than once during the life of the project. Payback Payback is the number of years needed to retrieve the original cash expenditure invested in a project. If the project yields constant annual cash influxes, the computation of payback period is carried out by dividing cash outlays by the annual cash influxes. Disadvantages 1) the decision criteria is not that concrete to show if an investment increases the firms value 2) Refuses the cash flows beyond the payback period 3) Refuses the time value of money 4) Refuses the risk of future cash flows I will take into consideration the Net present value and the profitability index for the consideration of two of the techniques for the project which will be undertaken due to the advantages which has been described above. I dint find much disadvantages in those methods and so I have given the advantages of those two methods which will be taken under consideration by me, the other methods I dint find of much worth in respect to evaluation for the concerned project as they have less advantages and more disadvantages and so I have written the same above for them. 6.What are the benefits and costs of placing a financially troubled company into a Chapter 11 Bankruptcy proceeding? Is this a legitimate and ethical vehicle for management to use for the benefit of the companys stakeholders? A)   Bankruptcy is a legal process for financial debtors who seek to eliminate their debts. Bankruptcys governs the federal statutory law which is there in the Title 11 of the U.S. Code. It provides for federal procedures of statutes and courts which objects the debtors to put their financial matters under the hold of the bankruptcy court. Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Chapter 11 bankruptcy says to restructure a business under some kind of supervision, rather getting liquidated because the business will still be functioning, but in case of a whole new different circumstances, the benefits of the retirement may or may not be ceased. Protection Benefits Federal law entitles a person to get pensions with some protection. When an employee announces himself to be bankrupt, finances for pensions are not to be utilized for the repayment to creditors. Also, all the retirement benefits you have earned being an employee will not be enforced to him. Federal Insurance The federal government assures standard and effective retirement plans. Any employer who cannot fund Federal government will fund temporarily. This type of insurance is not eligible for 401(k) plans. Chapter 11 Bankruptcy is the most costly anatomy of Bankruptcy in respect to average cost front. It is the most expensive form of bankruptcy and the small businesses should also take this into consideration before filling the bankruptcy. It is expensive as it involves two separate elements which are debt repayment plan and reorganization plan a. The reorganization plan means the person has to convince the court and the debtors that you can put in profit very soon which should be detailed and supported by proper research wherein you have to show a budget through which you need to assess how you are going to pay your creditors in the next several years. Its a process wherein you have to negotiate the same with the creditors and the court. A minimum of $15,000 have to be paid if there is no disputes and expensive attorneys over your reorganization plan but for Chapter 11 bankruptcy it will exceed to $ 100,000 and also this amount can vary depending upon the attorneys and disputes filed by the creditors. I understand that its not an ethical and legitimate step for the stakeholders but when there is no words to express the matter in concern and already the things have gone wrong and worse there can be few things which, if kept in mind can at least fetch some benefits for the stakeholders Filling in Court This is the first way when you can file in the court for a recovery notice wherein you owe the creditors and attorneys that you will come up with the company in a stipulated years of time and also by paying a fees for the time being just to show a courtesy to the creditors and the attorneys. Cost Minimization In this approach, an effort to minimize the cost of Chapter 11 Bankruptcy can be exercised while it may not work in most cases. The matters can be sorted out with the help of an attorney a fee agreement which would imply that most of the paper work preparation planning and filling must be carried out by the concerned person and he would simply pay his attorney to act as a legal coach in case of any need or questions. Most of the attorneys may not accept this type of payment agreement due to the complexity of plan of Chapter 11. Warning The rate of success in Chapter 11 bankruptcies is exceedingly low, which means that a very small percentage of reorganization plans will actually obtain approval from the court. As without the approval the plan will be worthless. There will be higher chance of spending lot of money and putting together a plan along with creditors negotiation and attending to win approval from the court, but this could be a failure too.

The Concept of Economy

There have been diverse views from various scholars on the meaning of economy. Of this various definitions includes; Economy is a term derived from the Greek word ‘OIKONOMOS' which means â€Å"One who manages a home†. Even though the term Economy is derived from the Greek word, history has shown that the Babylonians and their neighbouring towns were the first to develop any form of economics as it regards laws and rules. According to Wikipedia (2018) â€Å"The contemporary concept of the economy wasn't popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930's†. However, prior to this period, the concept of economy had passed through different phases some of which included; Primary, secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary stage of the economy.What then is Economy?Economy as defined in Investing Answers (2018) â€Å"Is the organised system of human activity involved in the production, consumption, exchange and the production of goods and services†. It is an organised system where money is made through the production and distribution of goods and services. The Oxford Living Dictionaries (2018) also defined economy as ‘the state of a country or region in terms of production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money'. There are diverse ways of measuring the economic activities of any nation. Some of these ways include;  Gross Domestic ProductsExchange rateStock MarketInterest RateUnemploymentCHINA AND ITS ECONOMYPopularly known as the People's Republic of China. China was established on January 1, 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution that Qung dynasty era. The country is situated in East Asia and is referred to as the most populated country in the world with an estimated number of 1.404 billion people. In terms of land mass after Russia, China is the second largest country in the world. In the world in general, there is a popular conception that the Chinese people can be used for cheap labour. However, despite this notion, the country is the largest emerging economy in the world and is mostly engaged in manufacturing, industrial production, servicing and agriculture. As at 2017, China became the world's largest economy through its purchasing by making $23.12 trillion in comparison to European Union and the United States of America at Second and Third position respectively. Despite being the largest economy in the world, China remains a very poor country with regards to standard of living. This low standard of living attracts people and businesses to the country. Most of China's economic growth is dependent on the exportation of machinery and equipment. Apart from machinery and equipment, other components of China's economy includes; real estate, infrastructure, ports, railways, pipelines, aluminium, copper, cement, steel, exchange, reserves etc. In recent time, China has witnessed a slowdown of its economy which resulted to a slower growth in its GDP. Most of the changes that affects economic growth centres on change that has labour, productivity and capital. In the case of China, the decline in its economic growth is attributed to the huge technological gap between China and other rich countries. Another that contributes to decline the economy is an increase in Country's debt.CHINA AND THE WORLD'S ECONOMYThere is the doubt that in comparison to the world's economy, China's economy is a strong force to reckon with whether or not it is the largest or second largest as measured by GDP. In 2007, from being the sixth economy as at 2002, China was declared the world's largest economy with a total of $23.12 trillion as against the European Union and U.S respectively. This does not dispute the fact that when considering the per capital income of the average man in China, the country's populace comprises off relatively poor people o r that the gradual slowdown in the economy brings with it a lure of fear in the minds of their nations. According to Gutte Wallin Pederson (2002) ‘China's growth has primarily been driven by market oriented reforms and the opening of the Chinese economy to the rest of the world. Other components of China's economy include manufacturing and production of machineries at low costs, foreign direct investments, exportation, agriculture and importation of things consumed in the country. China has contributed immensely to the GDP growth of the world. It is quite central to the world's economic growth. Between 1980 to 2011, China recorded an annual growth of about 10%. A significant thing occurred when China decided to join the World Trade Organization in 2001. This is because along with the accession came China's pledge to provide fair treatment to WTO members ensuring that their enterprises where given the same treatment as that of the Chinese and vice versa. Most of China's economic growth in the world centres on physical capital and human capital. Labour force in China gross rapidly. Countries all over the world regards China's labour force as cheap as such would rather have them in their employ yet a large populous of the workforce has not been tapped. Apart from having a cheap workforce, cost of living in China is also cheap. This explains why countries now go to China to establish companies in other to access raw materials and lower their cost of manufacturing and production. For a country like the USA, China still remains the highest manufacturer of toys. China also exports manufactured products such as phones, electronics, clothing, furniture etc. Most countries depend on China for products they consume. Example African Countries. Despite being the highest exporter of consumer goods all over the world, China is the second largest importer in the world. The country because of its limited natural resources contributes largely to other countries GDP in terms of imports. Most commodities that China imports include; crude oil, petroleum gas, iron ore, lead, copper, palm oil, asphalt etc. For instance, the country's importation of integrated circuits accounted for about 44% of Malaysian exports for 2016. China is one of the major players in the arms market. Prior to now, China was one of the importers of conventional arms. However, in recent times, the reverse has become the case with the country being the 5th largest exporter of these arms as ranked in the world. According to China power (2008) â€Å"Between 2008 and 2012, China exported $14.4 billion worth of conventional weapons across the globe†. During this period, most percentage of arm supply made by China went to Asia and another fraction of Africa. China's neighbours and some parts of America have not been left out of the arm supply trend. For instance, between the aforementioned years, the country provided arms worth $1.86 billion to Bangladesh which is about 71.9% of Bangladesh arms acquisition during this period (China Power 2018). As pointed out by Alec Ash (20177) the basic areas which China intends to drive the world economics' growth and reforms are;a. Innovation-driven economy, tapping the potential of businesses both big and small.b. One belt, one road initiative, connecting trade markets across Eurasian land and sea.c. A rising middle class, growing in number spending power to drive consumption.d. Financial market liberation, speeding improvements in the Chinese market.e. State-Owned enterprises, opening biggest industries.f. Oversea investment, leveraging Chinese capital to revitalize the global economy.g. China intends to be more involved in the world's economy irrespective of being a major player already as the country is gradually becoming a consumption driven economy.Despite being a key player in the world economy, the world itself has witnessed a slowdown in the Chinese economy in recent times. This is because its service sector is suffering from the effects of its workforce population ageing and i ncrease in wages to meet global standards. The use of technology has also declared some job roles obsolete. Justin Kuepper (2017) opines that â€Å"many economists believe the country would have to migrate from manufacturing to services as a primary driver of GDP, just as other developed countries like the United States and those in Europe have done in the past†. There is no doubt that their slowdown will affect economies globally. It may have a deflationary effect on most economies. For instance, countries that exports goods to China will experience a decline in demand for the goods by China. What this implies is that the decline in demand for goods/services will lead to a drop in their price thus reducing the export GDP of these products. Example the demand for crude oil has reduced thus leading to a decline in price of crude oil. These days, China goes to the extent of rendering services in exchange for free crude oil. China's demand for these products will be slow. Other factors contributing to these slowdown include a rise in debt and gradual close of technological gap between China and other countries thus reducing the demand for Chinese products and reducing its productivity growth. Irrespective of what the effects of this slowdown may imply there is a need for countries to brace themselves for the challenges that lie ahead of them globally. Some of the way they can handle ways situation include, reduction of commodity exposure, diversification of investment hedge with puts on Chinese EIF's (Justin Kuepper 2017).IMPACT OF CHINA ECONOMY ON NIGERIAN ECONOMYRelating the impact of China economy to Nigeria, it will not be misleading to say that her impact on the Nigerian economy is quite enormous. It will not be undermining to say that Nigeria is one country that's hugely dependent on China. Most products used in Nigeria are tagged with â€Å"Made in China† labels that ranges from toys, to plastics, household items, machineries, electronics, clothing etc. Nigeria is also dependent on China for some raw materials.Nigerians also negotiate with the Chinese for customized products only for the Nigerian market. In recent times, the Nigerian economy has experienced an advancement in industrialization. This advancement has encourage the production of locally made products and reduced the country's dependence on goods from other countries in terms of economic boost, the country's bilateral ties with other countries of which China is inclusive has also brought about an increase in foreign investment. Nigeria continually comes up with policies that do not only aim at strengthening its bilateral ties but are also targeted at ensuring it is exposed to a wide range of options as regards to the quantity and quality of goods consumed by its citizens in process bring about a reduction in the poverty level. Some of this policies includes; Structural Adjustment package, Trade liberation Policy. The question to be asked is â€Å"Do these policies really help in giving the country trade advantage in the long run?† The major factor contradictory to Nigeria/China bilateral ties is labour force. The Nigerian policies as enticing as they may seem may only suffice for the country's immediate needs. There is little or no transfer of technological knowledge due to language and cultural constraints, Nigerian institutions are not accountable, transparent or credible in their dealings. Despite the above limiting factor on the part of Nigeria, China have been having currency swap dealings with different countries of which Nigeria is partisan. As stated by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Governor, Mr Godwin Emefiele, the currency swap agreement is targeted at helping both countries achieve the following;a. Provision of adequate liquidity of local currency for industrialists in both countries,b. Aid manufacturers businesses in China/Nigeria to access funds to import raw materials from both countries,c. Nigerian businesses who impart from China will be protected from the frequent fluctuations and effects of third party currency.d. It will help people in West Africa have access to China's local currency as Nigeria will be the trade hub in the region for this purpose.Since the availability of natural resources is limited in China, the aforementioned economic giants depends on Nigeria for Agricultural produce and crude oil. The importation of these goods from Nigeria helps increase its exportation quota in terms of GDP although in recent times, China would rather offer free services to Nigeria in exchange for free crude oil.

Learning Essay

Learning is a complex process that involves the acquisition of knowledge and skills through instruction, which modifies the behavior of man. (Merriam-Webster, 2008) Moreover, learning is the act of obtaining new information by undergoing educational instruction, reading, and other ways of gaining facts and information. Two types of learning characterize the process of acquiring information for learners. These two types of learning include cognitive or perceptual learning and behavioral or stimulus-response learning. These two shall be discussed in the following paragraphs in order to explicate the concept of learning and the role that cognition and behavior play in the process. Behavior plays a significant role in learning. Interest in learning, for instance, given that interest is a behavior, increases potential to accomplish academic success. Primarily, interest in learning as a behavior motivates people to attend programs in educational institutions, which lead to classroom instruction and learning. Interest is one efficient predictor of success in students. (Renningner, et. al. , 1992) There are established theories of learning which support the significant role of behavior in learning. Classical conditioning, authored by Ivan Pavlov, follows the theory of stimulus-response behavior. When applied to learning, the theory suggests that a particular stimulus influences response. Moreover, the theory explicates how behavior is developed, and in turn how certain behaviors influence learning. Basically, if a person is motivated to learn within the classroom environment, his behavior leans toward learning. This behavior produces desirable learning outcomes from the individual. (Staats, et. al. , 1963) The theory of classical conditioning has evolved throughout the years, and B. F. Skinner developed the concept of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is similar to Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning, such that both theories suggest behavior as an integral part of learning. However, operant conditioning relies on the manipulation of stimulus or external factors in order to influence the behavior of learners. Positive reinforcements for desirable learning behavior motivates individuals to learn, while negative reinforcements that are administered for negative learning behavior reduces its occurrence. Reinforcements act as consequences to actions, whether positive or negative, which influences how individuals behave. (Huitt & Hummel, 1997) Behavioral learning may be applied in the classroom through motivation in the form of praises and rewards, and punishment. For instance, in order to arouse the interest of learners to attend school everyday, teachers should give incentives and punishments such as checking the attendance every day and giving rewards for learners who have complete attendance. On the other hand, learners who are always absent or late, are given rewards such as putting them in detention, extra work in the form of quizzes, assignments, etc. As students learn the value of being present every day because of the rewards, merits, and acknowledgements that they receive every day, they are able to understand why there is a need to attend classes and are able to adapt the behavior of coming to class regularly. For those who are always absent, thus, receiving demerits and punishments, they learn that in order to avoid being punished and receive rewards instead, they should go to class on time each day. This idea changes the behavior of students who are always absent. The basics of behavioral learning delve into the complex personality of learners and seek to understand the motivational techniques and strategies that incite the desire to learn from individuals. Determining these motivational techniques and strategies allows teachers to adjust their instructional techniques within the learning environment in order to adapt to the desires of learners and manipulate these desires to incite desirable learning outcomes. The secondary objective of behavioral learning is to lessen undesirable learning behaviors. Cognitive learning does not simply rely on stimulus and the response of learning in order to acquire necessary information for the learners. The mechanisms inside an individual’s brain form the basic concepts underlying cognitive learning. These mechanisms are called cognitive processes. Cognitive processes include the acquisition of knowledge and new information and manipulating these acquired knowledge and information to form concepts and ideas that are meaningful. (Think Quest) For instance, the concept of the color wheel is learned by determining all the different colors that make up the wheel, such as red, blue, green, orange, violet, etc. If colors are identified by their names and their appearance, the individual also learns to categorize primary colors from secondary colors, and secondary colors from tertiary colors, or tertiary colors from neutral, etc. Through this information, the concept of mixing primary colors to form secondary colors, etc. is learned. Cognitive processes that are involved in learning the concept of colors in the color wheel include observation, analysis and interpretation. Moreover, cognitive learning relies on the senses, such as hearing, sight, feeling, etc. , reading and comprehension, experience, analysis, observation, among others, in order for individuals to learn. (Think Quest) This is supported by theories authored by Piaget and Vygotsky. The socio-constructivist and socio-cultural theories relate cognition to learning, such that learning takes place through social interaction. Funderstanding, 2001) For instance, problem solving which entails knowledge and experience is influenced by social interaction with other people. A learner’s problem solving skills is derived from interpretation of his cultural background, how he sees other people and the world that he lives in. Basically, an individual’s schema, which is used to solve his problems, depends solely on social interaction, his experiences , and how he interprets these experiences.

The Arbitration and Conciliation Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1328 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Topics: Act Essay Economy Essay Did you like this example? Nigeria is witnessing probably her biggest growth commercially. Nigeria is the most populous nation in Africa, its population exceeding over 150 million people. The economy of this huge country is twice the economy of many African countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Arbitration and Conciliation Act" essay for you Create order In the West Africa region, Nigeriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy is about the size of all the member states put together. Nigeria has become Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest and most commercialized business hub. The size of the economy coupled with various commercial, business and investment activities both domestically and internationally in various sectors of the economy which includes International commercial Trade shows the level and size of economic activities in Nigeria. These busy sectors of the Nigerian Economy are constantly involved in International Trade and Commercial transactions. These transactions results in negotiations, drafting and interpretation of international contracts and commercial agreements between bodies that form international entities. These various sectors are involved in international trade and commercial transactions which results in negotiation and drafting of international contracts and commercial agreements. These sectors in the economy by nature a re mostly contractual and inevitably conflicts arise between contractual parties. The diversity of the parties to international commercial relation is reflected in their conflicting goals and point of views, making disputes almost inevitableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [1] Many of the sectors in the economy faces obstacle while conducting their business. Some of these obstacle are unforeseen for example changes in government policies might alter a conduct of business or a contractual term between business conductors, inflation might inflate lack of performance by the parties etc. willing or unwillingly parties breach of the terms of commercial agreements which eventually leads to disputes between the parties. Parties look for ways to solve their dispute. Majority of these businesses prefer to resolve their disputes through alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and arbitration is often the dispute resolution mechanism of choice for these parties. 5.2. Legal framework The Arbitration and concillation act is the legal mechanism for modern commercial arbitration and alternative dispute resolution in Nigeria. The ACA is the primary legislation governing the enforcement of arbitration agreements in Nigeria. The act, known as the ACA, governs both domestic and international arbitration proceedings with separate provisions for each. The First Schedule to the ACA contains arbitral rules that govern the procedure of arbitration proceedings. Whereas these rules are binding and must be applied in domestic arbitrations, they only apply by default to international arbitrations, where parties to an arbitration agreement have not expressly agreed a different set of rules such as the ICC, LCIA or UNCITRAL.[2] Nigeria being a federation, each of its 36 component states has the liberty to enact its own arbitral law to deal with contractual disputes. In Nigeria, both state and federal laws regulate arbitration. However, the federal Arbitration and Conciliation Act Cap A18, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004 applies throughout Nigeria to both domestic and international arbitration, and its provisions prevail over any state laws to the extent of any inconsistency. The ACA consists mainly of the provisions of the UNCITRAL Model Law. 5.2.1.Arbitration under ACA Part 1 of the ACA deals with arbitration which comprises of section 1 to 36. The section deals with arbitration in general, including Arbitration Agreement, Composition and Jurisdiction of Arbitral Tribunals, Challenge to the Appointment of Arbitrator(s), Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings, Recourse against Awards and Recognition and Enforcement of Awards. The applicable Arbitration Rules is flexible under ACA. Parties are at liberty to agree in writing on the applicable rules. Under the ACA parties to an international commercial contract, in solving their dispute, in a case it arises, shall write an application to the courts for arbitration. Arbitration shall be refferd to in accordance with the ACA rules, or any other international arbitration rules accepted by the parties. The basic legal requirement of an arbitration agreement under this law is that an arbitration agreement must be in writing or must be contained in a written document signed by the parties (section1 of ACA). Idigbe and yamah noted Section 1 presupposes that arbitration must be consensual and indicates that an arbitration agreement may be either an express clause in a contract whereby parties agree to refer future disputes to arbitration or in a separate document (Submission Agreement) whereby parties agree to submit their existing dispute to arbitration. An arbitration agreement may also be inferred from written correspondence or pleadings exchanged between parties.[3] The following additional legal requirements for a valid arbitration agreement can be seen in the provisions of the ACA: The arbitration agreement must be in respect of a dispute capable of settlement by arbitration under the laws of Nigeria. Section 48(b)(i) and 52(b)(i) of the ACA. The parties to the arbitration agreement must have legal capacity under the law applicable to them. Section 48(a)(i) and Section 52(2)(a)(i) of the ACA.[4] The arbitration agreement must be valid under the law to which the p arties have subjected it or under the laws of Nigeria. In other words, the agreement must be operative, capable of being performed and enforceable against the parties. Section 48(a)(ii) and 52(a)(ii) of the ACA.[5] 5.3. Enforcement and Recognition of New York convention/Foreign Awards in Nigeria The New York convention was adopted by the united nation conference in 1958 and entered into force in 1959. The convention expect countries parties to the convention, to recognize arbitration between private entities and aslo public entities, and enforce arbitral awards. The convention also requires countries to enforce and recognize awards made in foregn contracting states. The new york convention is regarded as the main instrument for international arbitration. Without international standards to govern enforcement, parties neither had a guarantee that the domestic courts would enforce their awards nor that the courts would treat foreign and domestic awards equally. Buruma elaborates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“For instance, the Netherlands is part of the European Union, on the basis of which a Dutch judgment can be enforced in 27 European countries. Enforcing a Dutch judgment in any other country will be much more difficult, time consuming and costly. An arbitration award, rendered in the Netherlands, however, can be enforced in over 140 countries, under the provisions of international treaties such as the New York Convention of 1958 to which the Netherlands is a party.[6] Nigeria is a contracting state to the New York Convention, having acceded in 1970. The New York Convention was incorporated and domesticated into Nigerian Laws by virtue of Section 54(1) of the ACA. It constitutes the Second Schedule of the Act and has been applicable in Nigeria since 14th March, 1988. Section 54 of the ACA. Section 54 imposes a qualification that, that state that, in order to sought any recognition and enforcement, the award rendered must been made in the territoty of a country that is party to the New York Convention and have resolved a difference arising from a contractual relationship. It is also relevant to state that even though the Convention was not adopted before 1988 and the country enacted no law relating to international commercial arbitration, a foreign arbitral award in an international commercial arbitration made outside the country could be enforced in Nigeria by the combined effect of sections 2(1) and 4(2) of the Foreign Judgment (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1960, provide amongst other things, it was registered in the High Court in this country[7] Where an award was not made in a New York Convention state, a viable option is to seek the enforcement of the award of the award as a foreign judgment under the Foreign Judgment (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act. The development and of a harmonized regime for [1] AMAZU, A. ASOUZU, international commercial arbitration and African states, Cambridge university press, Cambridge, 2001, p.1. [2] Arbitration and conciliation act, laws of the federation of Nigeria. [3] ANTHONY, IDIGBE, OMONE FOY, YAMAH, international arbitration: Nigeria, ICLG, 2010, p.1. [4] Arbitration and conciliation act, laws of the federation of Nigeria. [5] Arbitration and conciliation act, laws of the federation of Nigeria. [6] HOUTHOFF, BURUMA, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“international commercial arbitration: an introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in house counsel practical guide, 2010, p.14. [7] EPHRAIM, AKPATA, the Nigerian arbitration law in focus, west African book publisher, 1997, p.32.